Prepared by Anthony Cox (Senior Policy Advisor at Ecologic Institute), this briefing note offers an up-to-date overview of how the agricultural sector contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It identifies key social, economic, and environmental trade-offs and highlights the importance of context when assessing emission impacts. The note also provides guidance on prioritising reforms of agricultural subsidies.

Drawing on the latest data, scientific literature, and major reports by international organisations, the briefing was developed to inform the International Expert Group on Environmentally Harmful Subsidies, convened by TESS in 2024. The group was tasked with identifying subsidies that should be addressed as a matter of international priority. The final expert report was published in 2025.

The findings aim to support policymakers in shaping climate- and biodiversity-friendly subsidy reform and promote international dialogue at the WTO, OECD, FAO, G20, and under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.