<p>&#13; At the American Corner of the city library in Skopje, Macedonia, Aaron Best discussed recent developments in energy and climate policy in the United States, seeking to explain the resurgent interest in these issues on the part of the American people.</p>&#13;

<p>&#13; Aaron Best spoke at the EcoFest 2007 held in Ohrid on the shores of Lake Ohrid in the southwestern part of Macedonia. He discussed water policy and management in the USA and EU, sharing with the audience international experience on a topic of particular interest to the residents of Ohrid.</p>&#13;

<p>&#13; The United States  –  though the 2005 Energy Policy Act – and the European Union – through the European Energy Policy – created incentives for expanding biofuel production and use.  On 25 May 2007, the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF) and DaimlerChrysler convened a conference in Berlin on "Transatlantic Approaches to Biofuels".  R. Andreas Kraemer of Ecologic spoke on Assessing European and U.S. Policies.</p>&#13;

<p>&#13; The United States -- though the 2005 Energy Policy Act -- and the European Union -- through the European Energy Policy -- created incentives for expanding biofuel production and use.  On 24 May 2007, the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF) convened a seminar in Brussels on "Transatlantic Approaches to Biofuels" and invited R. Andreas Kraemer of Ecologic Institute to provide indight to sustainability and trade policy aspects.</p>&#13;

<p>&#13; Higher energy costs, aging underground systems, increased demands for fewer public dollars, new knowledge about ecosystem services, and anxiety over the climate are causing authorities, experts and citizens in the US to take a fresh look at water infrastructure.</p>&#13;

<p>&#13; A large percentage of Europe’s territory consists of rural areas that contain more than half of its population. Many problems of European societies such as an ageing population, high unemployment rates, social disparities and the lack of adaptive potential to the global market are more pronounced in rural areas than elsewhere. To overcome these problems, it is essential to link public, private and inter-sectoral initiatives to foster innovation. Rainer Müssner presented the EU-funded project RAPIDO, that has been established to analyse current best practices concerning the development of innovation in agriculture, forestry, the food sector and the wider rural areas, as well as to analyse methods to transfer knowledge to different target groups.</p>&#13;

<p>&#13; The question of "Governance" of natural resources, in other words how societies deal with the use of natural ressources, is central to each discussion about sustainability. Only "good governance" can guarantee the sustainable use of natural resources, protection of biodiversity, and indirectly help to implement the EU sustainability strategy. However it is quite difficult to measure and evaluate the level of good (bad) governance and to make the somewhat abstract concept more tangible. Rainer Müssner presented two EU funded projects dealing with the issue of "Governance of natural resources", in which Ecologic is involved as co-ordinator or partner.</p>&#13;

<p> The United Nations has dedicated the annual International Day of Biological Diversity on 22 May 2007 to &quot;Biological Diversity and Climate Change&quot;, highlighting both the interlinkages between the two issues and the interaction between the relevant international or multilateral conventions. On 7 May 2007, the joint CDU and CSU party in the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag) held an Expert Meeting to review the state of the debate and explore policy options and needs. Ecologic Institute contributed a presentation focussing on the international regimes on biological diversity and climate change.</p>

<p> Combinations of electrical, information and communication technologies allow for &quot;Smart Grids&quot; to provide dynamic efficiency for power generation, transmission and distribution. Ecologic took the lead in preparing a Learning Centre on the state and promise of Smart Grids at the 15th Session of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD 15).</p>

<p> Benjamin G&ouml;rlach presented some preliminary results of the WaterCost Project, which has been set up to develop and test a practicable methodology for cost-effectiveness analysis of groundwater protection measues. WaterCost brings together partners from five European regions, including municipalities, water supply companies and environment agencies. Ecologic Institute supports the German partners in the WaterCost project in the application of a cost-effectiveness analysis in a Frisian groundwater protection area. In his presentation, Benjamin G&ouml;rlach surveyed the costs and the effectiveness of 10 possible measures to reduce nitrate pollution from agricultural sources in the groundwater catchment area, and discussed potential combinations of these measures.</p>

<p> Every year, the Congressional Study Group on Germany brings together Members of U.S. Congress and members of the German Bundestag for a series of discussions on issues of mutual interest. The topics for 2007 included renewable energy, relations with China, the war in Afghanistan, and developments in Africa.&nbsp; R. Andreas Kraemer of Ecologic was invited by the United States Association of Former Members of Congress (USAFMC) to speak on renewable energy policies in the European Union.</p>

<p>&#13; The concept of disproportionate cost is one of the key economic elements of the EC Water Framework Directive. The practical implementation of this concept by the Member States offers a range of possible interpretations that are more or less in line with environmental economic theory. In a contribution to the envecon 2007 Applied Environmental Economics conference in London, Benjamin Görlach and Britta Pielen provided an introduction to the concept, its role in the Water Framework Directive, and provided an overview of the current discussion in some EU Member States.</p>&#13;

<p> Over the coming years, a trillion dollars worth of investment in water and sanitation infrastructure is needed in the United States of America.&nbsp; It is not clear how such investment can be financed, and those responsible in the USA are looking for institutional and organisational solutions.&nbsp; To this end, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and other held a conference on &quot;Paying for Sustainable Water Infrastructure&quot; in Atlanta, Georgia, on 21-23 March 2007.&nbsp; R. Andreas Kraemer presented the municipal structures for water supply and sewerage in Germany.</p>