Nature-based solutions (NbS) at the landscape scale are increasingly recognised for their role in supporting biodiversity, enhancing ecological connectivity and contributing to climate change adaptation. However, their assessment and implementation remain complex. This article examines these challenges using pondscapes – networks of ponds and their surrounding terrestrial habitats – as an example of landscape-scale NbS.

Key challenges in assessment and implementation of NbS

Drawing on the European research project PONDERFUL, the article analyses core dimensions of NbS assessment and implementation at the landscape scale. Particular attention is given to stakeholder engagement, governance and policy frameworks, financing mechanisms, and socio-economic considerations. The findings highlight that context-specific assessment approaches are critical for capturing the multiple functions and benefits of NbS. At the same time, the lack of standardised assessment frameworks, limited data availability and competing stakeholder interests complicate both evaluation and implementation.

Integrating stakeholder knowledge and participatory approaches

The article emphasises the importance of co-production of knowledge and participatory methods in improving NbS assessment. Workshops and stakeholder dialogues are used to integrate local knowledge, identify priorities and address trade-offs across sectors and scales. These approaches support more robust and socially relevant assessments while also strengthening ownership and trust among stakeholders involved in NbS planning and implementation.

Implications for landscape-scale planning and governance

The analysis points to the need for combining transferable methodological frameworks with context-sensitive, place-based approaches. Effective implementation of NbS at the landscape scale requires coordination across governance levels, alignment of policy instruments and integration of ecological and socio-economic perspectives. The findings provide relevant insights for both research and practice, particularly for advancing integrated and interdisciplinary approaches to landscape-scale NbS.