1. Introduction
2. Climate and Energy Policy in Europe: A Timeline
2.1 First Phase: Focusing on Peace and Economic Integration
2.2 Second Phase: Climate Change as an Environmental Challenge
2.3 Third Phase: From Parallel Regulation to Integrated Governance
3. The Current Policy Framework: Actors, Principles, and Instruments
3.1 Actors and Processes
3.1.1 The Actors: Institutions, Networks and the Member States
3.1.2 The Process: Legislation, Negotiation, and Treaty Reform
3.2 Principles and Objectives 
3.3 Policies and Measures
3.3.1 Emissions Trading
3.3.2 Taxation of Energy Products
3.3.3 Renewable Energy and Biofuels
3.3.4 Energy Efficiency
3.3.5 Research and Development
4. Lessons Learned
4.1 Emissions Trading: The Value of Learning by Doing
4.1.1 Europe and Emissions Trading: From Opposition to Frontrunner
4.1.2 Excess Allocation and the Market Crash
4.1.3 Favoring Incumbents: The Challenge of Windfall Profits
4.1.4 Reforming the Emissions Trading Scheme: The Way Forward
4.2 Achieving Energy Sustainability: A Largely Unfulfilled Potential
4.2.1 Toward a Sustainable Energy Supply: Promoting Renewables
4.2.2 Managing Energy Demand: Harnessing Energy Efficiency
4.3 Sustaining European Leadership: The Importance of Targets
4.3.1 Explaining European Leadership: Why Europe Has Embraced the Climate Agenda
4.3.2 European Leadership in Action: Promoting Mitigation through Quantified Targets
4.3.3 Looking at Emissions Pathways: From Rhetoric to Reality?
5. Conclusions