1. Executive Summary
2. Introduction
3. Space heating in the EU: Consumption and technologies
3.1. Establish energy consumption for space and water heating for EU
3.1.1. Objective
3.1.2. Methodology: Calculation of heating energy balances
3.1.2.3. Cross-sectoral approaches
3.1.3. Results: Description of heating energy balances
3.1.4. Conclusion and recommendations
3.2. Comparative overview of renewable space and water heating technologies
3.2.1. Objective
3.2.2. Method
3.2.3. Results
3.3. Provide a Description of the heat supply sectors of individual EU Member States
3.3.1. Objective
3.3.2. Structure
4. Decarbonisation Scenarios for Space and Water Heating
4.1. Method, Models and Model interfaces
4.1.1. Model overview and linkage
4.1.2. Indicators and presentation of key results
4.2. Framework conditions
4.2.1. General input data
4.2.2. Demand for electricity, hydrogen and e-fuels
4.2.3. Expansion of the electricity grid
4.2.4. Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
4.2.5. Carbon budget for energy supply
4.2.6. Climate and weather data
4.3. Scenario specification
4.3.1. Buildings
4.3.2. District heating
4.3.3. Power sector
4.3.4. Electricity transmission: Cross-border interconnectors
4.3.5. Hydrogen and e-fuels generation
4.4. Scenario results
4.4.1. Comparative scenario overview
4.4.2. Detailed results on the demand side and decentral supply
4.4.3. Detailed results on energy supply
4.4.4. Results on infrastructure
4.5. Conclusions derived from modelling and scenario results
5. Feasibility and Framework Conditions
5.1. Background
5.2. Analysis of barriers
5.2.1. Barriers for RES-H pathways
5.2.2. Conclusions for policy analysis
5.3. Policy approaches for RES-H
5.3.1. Regulatory instruments
5.3.2. Economic instruments
5.3.3. Supporting complementary instruments
5.3.4. Heat planning and citizen involvement
5.4. Development of policy packages
5.4.1. Clustering of countries
5.4.2. Policy packages for country clusters
5.5. Recommendations
6. Bibliography
7. Annex
7.1. Annex A: Structure and allocation of EUROSTAT energy carriers
7.2. Annex B: Modelling framework and assumptions
7.2.1. Modelling the building sector: Invert/EE-Lab and Invert/Opt
7.3. Hotmaps district heating expansion model
7.3.1. Modelling the electricity sector and grid infrastructure for electricity, gas and H2: Enertile
7.3.2. Data exchange between models
7.3.3. Indicators and which models contribute to their calculation
7.4. Annex C: Scenario assumptions
7.4.1. Scenario settings for individual heating and hot water systems
7.4.2. Scenario settings for energy supply
7.4.3. Assumptions for infrastructures
7.5. Annex D: Additional scenario results
7.6. Annex E: Additional information on renewable energy communities
7.7. Annex F: Renewable energy communities in the RED II
7.7.1. Background and approach
7.7.2. Literature review
7.7.3. Case studies: Overview of focus countries
7.7.4. Synthesis and policy recommendations