1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Area 1: Data and information management (MS/EU)

3.1     Introduction

3.2     Strengths

3.3     Weaknesses

3.4     Opportunities

3.5     Threats

3.6     Conclusions

4. Area 2: Further harmonisation of substantive environmental criminal law at EU level (excluding sanctions)

4.1     Introduction

4.2     Strengths

4.3     Weaknesses

4.4     Opportunities

4.5     Threats

4.6     Conclusions

5. Area 3: System of sanctions (administrative vs. criminal vs. civil proceedings at MS/EU level)

5.1     Introduction

5.2     Strengths

5.2.1   More administrative sanctions in the instrument mix

5.2.2   Often effective sanctions in statutes

5.2.3   Often complementary sanctions

5.3     Weaknesses

5.3.1   Enforcement instrument mix not always optimal

5.3.2   Lacking information on proportionality in practice

5.3.3   Complementary sanctions insufficiently developed?

5.4     Opportunities

5.4.1   Procedural: actions at different levels

5.4.2   Increasing the use of administrative and civil sanctions

5.4.3   Guidelines to increase the effectiveness of sanctions

5.4.4   Increasing use of complementary sanctions

5.5     Threats

5.5.1   Insufficient support and budget cuts

5.5.2   Lacking data on enforcement practice

5.6     Conclusions

6. Area 4: Functioning of enforcement institutions and cooperation between them (MS/EU level)

6.1     Introduction

6.2     Strengths

6.2.1   Criminal enforcement institutions (Member State level)

6.2.2   Cooperation between criminal and administrative institutions (Member State level)

6.2.3   Trans-boundary cooperation

6.3     Weaknesses

6.3.1   Criminal enforcement institutions (Member State level)

6.3.2   Cooperation between criminal and administrative institutions (Member State level)

6.3.3   Trans-boundary cooperation

6.4     Opportunities

6.5     Threats

6.6     Conclusions

7. Area 5: The role of the victims of environmental crime and civil society

7.1     Introduction

7.2     Strengths

7.3     Weaknesses

7.4     Opportunities

7.5     Threats

7.6     Conclusions

8. Area 6: External dimension of environmental crime – what can EU do (EU only)

8.1     Introduction

8.2     Strengths

8.2.1   International Instruments and their Enforcement

8.2.2   Actors and Institutions

8.2.3   Toolbox: Information, Databases, Legal Assistance and Judicial Cooperation Instruments, Cooperation to development

8.3     Weaknesses

8.3.1   International Instruments and their enforcement

8.3.2   Actors and Institutions

8.3.3   Toolbox: Databases, Legal Assistance and Judicial Cooperation Instruments, Cooperation to development

8.4     Opportunities

8.4.1   International Instruments and their enforcement

8.4.2   Actors and Institutions

8.4.3   Toolbox: Databases, Legal Assistance and Judicial Cooperation Instruments, Cooperation to development

8.5     Threats

8.5.1   International Instruments and their enforcement

8.5.2   Actors and Institutions

8.5.3   Toolbox

8.6     Conclusions

9. Area 7: Use of environmental liability (EU/MS)

9.1     Introduction

9.2     Strengths

9.3     Weaknesses

9.4     Opportunities

9.5     Threats

9.6     Conclusions

10. Area 8: Organised environmental crime

10.1   Introduction

10.2   Strengths

10.3   Weaknesses

10.4   Opportunities

10.5   Threats

10.6   Conclusions

11. Area 9: Corporate responsibility and liability in relation to environmental crime

11.1   Introduction

11.1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility

11.1.2 Market incentives

11.1.3 Binding approaches indirectly preventing environmental crime

11.1.4 Corporate liability for damages directly linked to environmental crimes (civil-like)

11.1.5 Criminal liability for environmental crimes

11.1.6 Civil liability for crimes that occurred outside the EU

11.2   Strengths

11.2.1 Voluntary CSR initiatives can help reinforcing compliance with existing law

11.2.2 Existing approximation at EU level on liability for environmental crime

11.2.3 Some actions for human rights violations committed abroad

11.3   Weaknesses

11.3.1 No explicit mention of environmental crime within existing CSR initiatives

11.3.2 CSR standards do not include certification by opposition to other voluntary initiatives

11.3.3 It remains very difficult for victims from outside the EU to sue EU corporations for environmental crimes also committed outside the EU

11.4   Opportunities

11.4.1 Renewal of the EU strategy for CSR

11.4.2 The EMAS Regulation goes further than CSR initiatives

11.4.3 The new Public Procurement Directives contain new clauses relating to compliance with environmental law

11.4.4 There are initiatives to create binding provisions associated with liability and linked to CSR

11.4.5 Existing examples in certain countries widening the liability of corporations for crimes committed abroad

11.5   Threats

11.5.1 Risk of “creative compliance” regarding environmental laws

11.5.2 Balance of interests may not play in favour of measures reinforcing liability

11.5.3 Difficulties linked to the extension of jurisdiction

11.6   Conclusions

12. Conclusions

12.1   Introduction

12.2   Taking the SWOT analysis forward

12.2.1 Key opportunities

12.2.2 EU level

12.2.3 Member State level

12.2.4 International level

13. References