1. Introduction
1.1. Background and context
1.2. Report objectives
1.3. Report outline
2. Our approach
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Limitations
3. Overview of permanent CDR technologies
3.1. BioCCS
3.2. Biochar carbon removal
3.3. DACCS
3.4. In-situ mineralisation
3.5. Ex-situ mineralisation
3.6. Ocean-based CDR
4. State of the European CDR sector
4.1. Overview of European CDR projects and organisations
4.1.1. Insights on the European CDR landscape
4.1.2. Technology-specific insights on the European CDR landscape
4.2. Estimated supply of CDR
4.2.1. Overview: Methodology and results of Ramboll estimates
4.2.2. Removal capacity: Biogenic emission capture with permanent carbon storage (BioCCS)
4.2.3. Removal capacity: Biochar carbon removal
4.2.4. Removal capacity: Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS)
4.2.5. Removal capacity: In-situ and ex-situ mineralisation (including enhanced rock weathering)
4.2.6. Removal capacity: Ocean-based approaches (Direct Ocean Capture, Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement)
4.3. Estimated cost of CDR
4.3.1. Overview: Methodology and results of Ramboll estimates
4.3.2. Cost estimates: Biogenic emission capture with permanent carbon storage (BioCCS)
4.3.3. Cost estimates: Biochar carbon removal
4.3.4. Cost estimates: Direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS)
4.3.5. Cost estimates: In-situ and ex-situ mineralisation (including enhanced rock weathering)
4.3.6. Cost estimates: Ocean-based CDR approaches (Direct Ocean Capture, Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement)
4.4. Funding needs
4.5. Funding availability
4.5.1. Assessment of available funding volumes
4.5.2. Stakeholder perception on availability of funding
4.6. Barriers to scaling CDRs
5. Conclusions
6. References
Appendix 1. Collected data and supporting analysis