How can cities and towns in Germany better adapt to the impacts of climate change using nature-based solutions (NbS)?  

A new report by Ecologic Institut and Birgit Georgi, commissioned by the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), explores this question in depth.

The study, developed under the ReFoPlan project "Natürlich Klimaanpassung! Resiliente naturbasierte Lösungen für Kommunen", provides an overview of the current state of NbS implementation for municipal climate adaptation in Germany. It identifies key barriers that hinder local action – from limited resources to conflicting interests – and highlights strategies and tools that can help overcome them.

Drawing on practical examples from across Germany, the report shows how municipalities can address challenges, harness synergies, and tailor NbS to their specific local contexts. Because when it comes to adapting to climate change, there is no one-size-fits-all solution, but rather a combination of locally adapted strategies.

Key Messages

• Holistic benefits: NbS deliver ecological, social, and economic co-benefits. Municipalities play a key role on public land and by motivating private landowners.
• Planning instruments: Awareness of legal and planning tools for multifunctional NbS remains limited; better information can link adaptation with other local goals.
• Administrative barriers: Limited resources and siloed structures hinder progress. Cross-sectoral cooperation and informal networks can drive implementation.
• Supportive policy: The Climate Adaptation Act (KAnG) prioritizes NbS over "grey" measures. Spatial and land-use planning are key levers for municipalities.
• Private sector role: Incentives and partnerships can foster NbS on private land, while companies benefit through reputation and local advantages.
• Citizen participation: Early, transparent engagement builds acceptance but requires staff training to manage conflicts and participation fatigue.
• Financing options: Municipalities can tap diverse funding, from grants to crowdfunding, while strengthening knowledge of innovative financing.
• Monitoring: Systematic evaluation helps track NbS effectiveness and embed results in municipal strategies.

From Knowledge to Practice

The report serves as the foundation for forthcoming project outputs, including:

• a toolbox for municipal NbS implementation,
• a guide to assessing NbS costs, and
• communication materials to raise public awareness.

Together, these resources aim to empower local authorities to make cities and communities across Germany more resilient, sustainable, and nature-positive.